Role of Gut Microbiome in Mental Wellness
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2020.13.3.1Abstract
This article describes the bidirectional communication of microorganism in Gut-Brain-Axis and restoration of healthy gut microflora. Our brain is intimately connected with our gut. However, the question is how they are connected. The answer is in the microbiome and the metabolites they produce. Human body is the habitat of trillion of bacteria and we live in a symbiotic relationship with them. We either have a diverse and balanced microbiome that produce short-chained fatty acids, hormones and neurotransmitters or we have unbalanced microbiome, called dysbiosis that produce D-lactic acid, ammonia, lipopolysaccharide and more. This type of imbalance affects mental health and could lead to many neuropsychiatric conditions. Microbiome has great potential in providing next generation therapies for improved healthcare. Therefore, it is important to take care of gut microbiome. Most of our serotonin (95%), at least 50% of dopamine, other hormones and neurotransmitters are produced either in our enteric nervous system (ENS) of our gut or by microbes who reside in the colon. Prebiotics and probiotics are being widely utilized to promote gut microbiome and thereby improve many health conditions.
Downloads
Metrics
Keywords:
Gut microflora, Gut-brain axis, Dysbiosis, Psychobiotic, Fecal microbiota transplantation.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
References
Backhed F, Roswall J, Peng Y, Kristiansen K, Peng Y, Dahlgren J, and Wang J (2015). Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during first year of life. Cell Host Microbe 17(5): 690-703.
Blustein J, Attina T, Liu M, Ryan AM, Cox LM, and Blaser MJ (2013). Association of caesarean delivery with child adiposity from age 6 weeks to 15years. Int J Obes 37(7): 900-906.
Cani PD, Possemiers S, Van de Wiele T, Guiot Y, Everard A, Rottier O, Geurts L, Naslain D, Neyrinck A, Lambert DM, Muccioli GG, Delzenne NM (2009). Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2 driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut 58(8): 1091-1103.
Christian LM, Galley JD, Hade EM, Schoppe-Sullivan S, Kamp Dush C, and Bailey MT (2015). Gut microbiome composition is associated with temperament during early childhood. Brain Behav Immun 45: 118-127.
Clapp M, Auror N, Herrera L, Bhatia M, Wilen E, and Walefield S (2017).Gut microbiota’s effect on mental health: The gut-brain axis. Clin Pract 7(4): 987.
Clarke MB, Hughes DT, Zhu C, Boedeker EC, and Sperandio V (2006). The QseC Sensor kinase: a bacterial adrenergic receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(27): 10420-10425.
Cryan JF and Dinan TG (2012). Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 13: 701-712.
Da Silva S, Robbe-Masselot C, Ait-Belgnaoui A, Mancuso A, Mercade-Loubiere M, Salvador-Cartier C, Gillet M, Ferrier L, Loubiere P, Dague E, Theodorou V, and Mercier- Bonin M (2014). Stress disrupts intestinal mucus barrier in rats via mucin O-glycosylation shift: prevention by a probiotic treatment. Am J Physiol Gastrointest liver Physiol 307: G402-G429.
Demaude J, Salvador-Cartier C, Fioramonti J, Ferrier L, and Bueno L (2006). Phenotypic changes in colonocytes following acute stress or activation of mast cells in mice: implications for delayed epithelial barrier dysfunction. Gut 55(5): 655-661.
Dinan TG, Stanton C, and Cryan JF (2013). Psychobiotic: a novel class of psychotropic. Biol. Psychiatry 74(10): 720-726.
Everard A, Lazarevic V, Derrien M, Girard M, Mucciolil GG, Neyrinck AM, Possemiers S, Van Holle A, Francois P, de Vos WM, Delzenne NM, Schrenzel J, and Cani PD (2011). Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet- induced leptin-resistant mice. Diabetes 60(11): 2775-2786.
Goulet O (2015). Potential role of the intestinal microbiota in programming health and disease. Nutr Rev 73: 32-40.
Huttenhower C, Gevers D, and Knight R (2012).Human microbiome project consortium Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 486: 207-214.
Johnson KV and Foster KR (2018). Why does the microbe affect behaviour? Nat Rev Microbiol 16(10): 647-65
Kato-Kataoka A, Nishida K, Takada M, Kawai M, Kikuchi-Hayakawa H, Suda K, Ishikawa H, Gondo Y, Shimizu K, Matsuki T, Kushiro A, Hoshi R, Watanabe O, Igarashi T, Miyazaki K, Kuwano Y, and Rokutan K (2016). Fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei strain shirota preserves the diversity of the gut microbiota and relieves abdominal dysfunction in healthy medical students exposed to academic stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 82(12): 3649-3658.
Kim DY and Camilleri M (2000). Serotonin: a mediator of the brain-gut connection. Am J Gastroenterol 95(10): 2698-2709.
Lewis SJ and Heaton KW (1997). Stool form scale as useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scand J Gastoenterol 32(9): 920-924.
Linhares IM, Summers PR, Larsen B, Giraldo PC, and Witkin SS (2011). Contemporary perspectives on vaginal pH and lactobacilli. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204(2): 120.e1-5.
Macfarlane S and Dillion JF (2007). Microbial biofilms in the human gastrointestinal tract. J Appl Microbiol 102: 1187-1196.
Martin CR, Osadchiy V, Kalani A and Mayer EA (208). The brain gut microbiome axis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 6: 133-148.
Matsumiya Y, Kato H, Watanabe K and Kato H (2002). Molecular epidemiological study of vertical transmission of vaginal Lactobacillus species from mothers to newborn infants in Japanese, by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Chemother 8: 43-49.
Mayer E (2016). Mind-Gut connection. HarperCollins. New York.
Mayer E. Mind-Gut connection. HarperCollins. New York. 2016; pp 97.
Mayer EA, Savidge T, and Shulman RJ (2014). Brain-gut microbiome interactions and functional bowel disorders. Gastoenterology 146(6): 1500-1512.
Messaoudi M., Violle N, Bisson JF, Desor D, Javelot H, and Rougeot C (2011). Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in healthy human volunteers. Gut Microbes 2(4): 256-261.
O’ Mahony L, McCarthy J, Kelly P, Hurley G, Luo F, Chen K, O’Sullivan GC, Kiely B, Collins JK, Shanhan F, and Quigley EM (2005). Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology 128(3): 541-551.
O’Mahony SM, Marchesi JR, Scully P, Codling C, Ceolho AM, Quigley EM, Cryan JF, and Dinan TG (2009). Early life stress alters behavior, immunity and microbiota in rats: implications for irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illness. Biol Psychiatry 65(3): 263-267.
Rhee SH, Pothoulakis C, and Mayer EA (2009). Principles and clinical implications of the brain gut-enteric microbiota axis. Nat Rev Gastro Hepat 6: 306-314.
Salminen S, Gibson GR, McCartney AL, and Isolauri E (2004). Influence of mode of delivery on gut microbiota composition in seven year old children. Gut 53: 1388-1389.
Santos J, Yang PC, Soderholm JD, Benjamin M, and Perdue MH (2001). Role of mast cells in chronic stress induced colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction in the rat. Gut 48(5): 630-636.
Silk DB, Davis A, Vulevic J, Tzortzis G, and Gibson GR (2009). Clinical trial: the effects of a trans-galactooligocachharide prebiotic on faecal microbiota and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 29(5): 508-518.
Steenbergen L, Sellaro R, van Hemert S, Bosch JA, and Colzato LS (2015). A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics in cognitive reactivity to sad mood. Brain Behav Immun 48: 258-264.
Wright ML and Starkweather AR (2015). Antenatal microbiome: Potential contributor to fetal programming and establishment of the microbiome in offspring. Nurs Res 64: 306-319.
Yano JM., Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, Nagler CR, Ismagilov RF, Mazmanian SK and Hsiao EY (2015). Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell 161(2): 264-274.
Zydecka KS. Marlickz W, Misera A, Koulaouzidis A and Loniewski A (2018). Microbiome-The missing link in the gut brain axis: Focus on its role in gastrointestinal and mental health. J Clin Med 7(12): 521.
